SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUTATION IN 2015

- The crude oil price decreases sharply.
- The global financial instability 
- The Government issued the Resolution No. 01/NQ-CP on major tasks and solutions guiding and directing the realization of the Plan for socio-economic development and State budget estimate in 2015; Resolution No. 19/NQ-CP on major tasks and solutions for improving the business environment and national competitiveness during two years from 2015 to 2016.

2. Outputs of production and business

2.1. Gross Domestic Products (GDP) Growth

2015’s GDP was estimated to increase by 6.68% over 2014, higher than the proposed target of 6.2% and the growth rate of years from 2011 to 2014[1].

This showed the economy’s clear recovery. Of the general growth, the sector of agriculture, forestry and fishery rose 2.41%, lower than 2014’s growth rate of 3.44%, contributed 0.4 percentage points to the general rate of growth. The sector of industry and construction raised by 9.64%, higher than the previous year’s growth rate of 6.42%, contributed 3.20 percentage points, of which the industry went up by 9.39% against the previous year (the manufacturing rose 10.60%); the construction grew by 10.82%, this was the highest increase rate as from 2010.

The service jumped up 6.33%, contributed 2.43 percentage points. The economy’s scale this year at current price reached 4192.9 thousand dongs; estimated GDP per capita in 2015 gained 45.7 million dongs, equivalent to US$ 2109, rose US$ 57 compared to 2014.

In terms of GDP to use in this year, final consumption increased by 9.12% over 2014; accumulated assets grew by 9.04%; difference in import and export of goods and services reduced 8.62 percentage points of the overall growth rate.
   
+ Some key socio-economic indicators in 2015
+ Gross Domestic Products at current prices
+ Gross Domestic Products at 2010 comparative prices

2.2. Production of agriculture, forestry and fishery

2015’s rice production was estimated to reach 45.2 million tons, a rise of 240.9 thousand tons against 2014[2]; cultivated area achieved 7.8 million hectares; rice productivity gained 5770 kilograms per hectare, up 20 kilograms per hectare.

Winter-spring rice yield gained 20.7 million tons, a decrease of 158.8 thousand tons; cultivated area 3.1 million hectares, down 4.1 thousand hectares; productivity achieved 6650 kilograms per hectare, down 40 kilograms per hectare. The output of summer-autumn rice attained 15 million tons, rose 512.5 thousand tons; cultivated area reached nearly 2.8 million hectares, rose 51 thousand hectares; productivity obtained 5380 kilograms per hectare, rose 80 kilograms per hectare. Winter rice production gained an estimate of 9.5 million tons, down 112.7 thousand tons; cultivated area reached 1.9 million hectares, down 28.2 thousand hectares; productivity achieved 4920 kilograms per hectare, up 10 kilograms per hectare.

As of 01 October 2015, the country’s flock of buffaloes had 2.5 million heads, a rise of 0.1% compared to the same period last year; flock of oxen had 5.4 million heads, up 2.5%; flock of pigs had 27.7 million heads, up 3.7%; flock of fowls had 341.9 million heads, up 4.3%. The output of live-weight buffalo meat reached 85.8 thousand tons, increased by 0.1%; the output of beef gained 299.3 thousand tons, by 2.2%; the output of pork attained 3.5 million tons, by 4.2%; the output of poultry achieved 908.1 thousand tons, by 3.8%.

Estimated concentrated planted forest area this year reached 240.6 thousand hectares, up 8.5% from 2014; wood production gained 8309 thousand m3, a rise of 11.9%.

Estimated fishing production in 2015 reached 6549.7 thousand tons, rose 3.4% over the previous year, of which the production of aquaculture achieved 3513.4 thousand tons, increased by 2.9%; the production of fishing caught gained 3036.3 thousand tons, by 4%.

+ Cultivation progression of agricultural crops as of 15 December 2015
+ Production value of agriculture, forestry and fishery at 2010 comparative prices
+ Cultivated area, productivity and yield of main crops
+ Cultivated area, productivity and yield of selected annual industrial plants
+ Cultivated area, productivity and yield of selected perennial industrial plants
+ Animal husbandry as of 01 October
+ Outcome of forestry production
+ Fishing production

2.3. Industry

Industrial Production Indexes (IIP) was estimated to grow by 9.8% from 2014, higher than 2013’s increase of 5.9% and 2014’s increase of 7.6%. Of which the mining and quarrying went up by 6.5%; the manufacturing rose 10.6%; the power generation and supply grew by 11.4%.

Consumption index for the entire manufacturing industry in eleven months of this year rose 12.6% from 2014’s similar period, higher than the growth rate in the same period of the last two years[3]. Stock index for the whole manufacturing industry as of 01 December 2015 grew by 7.4% against the previous month and by 9.5% over the identical period of 2014 (in the same period it raised by 10.2% in 2013 and by 10% in 2014).

The number of laborers working in industrial enterprises as of 01 December 2015 increased by 1.1% from the previous month and by 6.4% from the last year’s same period, of which the State business sector went up by 1.3%; the non-State business sector by 4.6%; the FDI business sector by 8%.

As of above time, the number of laborers working in the mining and quarrying went down by 1.4%; the manufacturing grew by 7.3%[4]; the power generation and supply put up by 1.1%; the water supply and sewage treatment rose 4.3%.

+ Industrial production index
+ Main industrial products
+ Consumption and stock indexes of the manufacturing
+ Labor employed index (LEI) for industrial enterprises

2.4. Registration of enterprises

In 2015, the country had 94754 enterprises registered for new establishment with a total registered capital of 601.5 trillion dongs, an increase of 26.6% in the number of businesses and an increase of 39.1% in the registered capital against 2014 (In 2014, the number of enterprises decreased by 2.7%; the registered capital went up by 8.4% from 2013). The average registered capital per enterprise in 2015 reached 6.3 billion dongs, up 9.9% compared to the previous year. The expected number of laborers generated jobs in the newly established enterprises in 2015 was 1471.9 thousand persons, up 34.9% over 2014.

The number enterprises re-operated this year was 21506 ones, up 39.5% compared to the previous year. The number of enterprises which finished the procedure for dissolving, terminating business activities in the year was 9467 ones, down 0.4% from the previous year. The number of enterprises having difficulty forced to temporarily cease operations was 71391 ones, up 22.4% against the same period last year.

2.5. Business trends of enterprises

Results of the business trend survey from manufacturing enterprises as follows:

42.3% of enterprises assessed the situation of business and production in the fourth Quarter more positive than that in the third Quarter; 19.5% having difficulties and 38.2% having the stable business and production situation. Expecting the first Quarter of 2016 compared to the fourth Quarter of this year, 40.9% of enterprises evaluated trends to be better; 17.7% of enterprises forecasted to be worse and 41.4% of enterprises thought that the business and production situation would be stable.

Regarding the production volume, 44.8% of enterprises assessed the production volume in the fourth Quarter of this year rose compared to the previous quarter; 20.4% evaluated the production volume went down and 34.8% thought it was stable. The trend of first Quarter of 2016 compared to the fourth Quarter of this year: 42.2% of enterprises forecasted the production volume would be up; 17.6% forecasted it would fall and 40.2% forecasted it would be stable. Up to 91.6% of enterprises forecasted 2016’s production volume would go up over 2015.

About orders, in the fourth Quarter 38.6% of enterprises had higher number of orders than the third Quarter; 20.8% had the number of orders fell and 40.6% had stable number of orders. The trend of the first Quarter of 2016 compared to the fourth Quarter of 2015 was expected to be more positive with 38.2% of enterprises expected to have the higher number of orders; 18.1% expected the number of orders to be down; and 43.7% expected to have stable number of orders. Up to 91.1% of enterparises was optimistic to think that the number of orders in 2016 would go up over 2015.

Regarding export orders of the fourth Quarter against the previous quarter: 30.7% of enterprises confirmed to have higher number of export orders; 21.4% had the number of export orders fell and 47.9% had stable number of export orders. The trend of the first Quarter of 2016 compared with 2015’s fourth Quarter: 33% of enterprises expected to raise the number of export orders; 19.2% expected to decrease and 47.8% expected to be stable.

For 2016, 90.8% of enterprises forecasted the number of export orders would go up and be stable.

Regarding production costs, 24.4% of enterprises confirmed production costs per unit of product in the fourth Quarter increased against the previous quarter; 10.4% of enterprises said that production costs went down and 65.2% of enterprises assessed costs were stable. In the trend of 2016’s first Quarter, 22.4% of enterprises expected production costs would raise compared to the fourth Quarter of 2015; 10.9% said that costs would reduce and 66.7% expected production costs would be stable.

Regarding the product selling price in the fourth Quarter compared to the previous quarter, 15.4% of enterprises had the selling price of products increased; 13.6% of enterprises had lower selling price and 71% of enterprises had stable product selling price. Expecting the product selling price in the first Quarter agaisnt 2015’s fourth Quarter: 16.1% of enterprises forecasted the selling price would be higher; 10.5% forecasted the selling price would be lower; and 73.4% forecasted it would be stable.

About the stock of products: 20.4% of enterprises had increased inventory in the fourth Quarter from the previous Quarter; 31.3% had reduced inventory and 48.3% kept stable. The trend of 2016’s first Quarter in comparison with this year’s fourth Quarter: 16.5% of enterprises forecasted the inventory would go up; 29.5% assessed it would go down and 54% forecasted it would keep stable.

About the inventory of raw materials in the fourth Quarter compared to the third Quarter, 19.4% of enterprises had the inventory volume went up; 28.6% had the inventory volume went down and 52.0% had the inventory volume kept intact. Expecting 2016’s first Quarter against the fourth Quarter of this year: 15.5% of enterprises forecasted the inventory of raw materials to be increased; 28.1% forecasted the inventory to be reduced and 56.4% said that it would have no change in the inventory of raw materials.

Regarding the employment in the fourth Quarter against the third Quarter, 17.3% of enterprises confirmed that the number of employees went up; 12.7% of enterprises confirmed it fell; and 70% of enterprises kept it stable. Forecasting for the whole 2016, 34.3% of enterprises had the labor scale increased from 2015 (37.8% of FDI enterprises, 33.9% of non-State enterprises and 25.9% of State enterprises forecasted the labor scale to be up); 57.6% of enterprises forecasted the labor scale to be stable; 8.1% of enterprises forecasted the labor scale to go down.

2.6. Retail sales of consumer goods and services

Total estimated retail sales of consumer goods and services in 2015 reached 3242.9 trillion dongs, up 9.5% compared to the previous year (if the price factor were excluded, the growth rate would be 8.4%, higher than 2014’s increase of 8.1%).

By kinds of economic activity, retail sales of goods gained 2469.9 trillion dongs, up 10.6%; sales of accommodation and catering services attained 372.2 trillion dongs, up 5.2%; travelling achieved 30.4 trillion dongs, up 9.5%; other services reached 370.3 trillion dongs, up 7%.

+ Total retail sales of consumer goods and services

2.7. Carriage of passengers and cargos

Passenger carriage this year was estimated to reach 3283.1 million passengers, raised by 7.7% and 143 billion passengers-kilometers, by 7.9% from 2014. Of which estimated passengers carried by road achieved 3099.2 million passengers, a rise of 7.9% and 105 billion passengers-kilometers, a rise of 8.5%; by river: 146.5 million passengers, a rise of 4% and 2.5 billion passengers-kilometers, a rise of 6.5%; by air: 20.7 million passengers, an increase of 7.9% and 31.1 billion passengers-kilometers, an increase of 7.2%; by sea: 5.4 million passengers, up 5.3% and 267.4 million passengers-kilometers, up 4.9%; by rail: 11.2 million passengers, 5.3% decrease and 4.2 billion passengers-kilometers, down 0.3%.

Cargo carriage this year reached an estimate of 1133.9 million tons, rose 6% and 226.8 billion tons-kilometers, rose 3.1% from the last year. Of which the domestic transport gained 1102 million tons, increased by 6.1% and 98.8 billion tons-kilometers, by 6.9%; overseas transport reached 31.9 million tons, grew by 3.8% and 128 billion tons-kilometers, by 0.3%.

+ Carriage of passengers
+ Carriage of cargos

2.8. International visitors to Vietnam

Estimated number of international visitors to Vietnam reached 7943.7 thousand arrivals, down 0.2% from the last year, this was the first year international visitors to Vietnam had gone down as from 2009. Visitors coming by airway increased by 0.8%; coming by road decreased by 6.5%; coming by sea had a strong growth of 27.5%.

By markets, for Asia, visitors from South Korea grew by 31.3%; visitors from Japan by 3.6%; visitors from Malaysia by 4.1%; visitors from Singapore by 16.9%; visitors from China declined by 8.5%; visitors from Cambodia went down by 43.8%; visitors from Indonesia decreased by 9.3%; visitors from Thailand had a decrease of 13.1%; visitors from Laos reduced by 16.6%; visitors from Philippines declined by 3.5%, respectively. For Europe, visitors from the United Kingdom rose 5.2%; from Germany by 4.7%; from Netherlands by 7.8%; from Spain by 10.4%; from Italy by 10.6%; from Russia went down by 7.1%; from France decreased by 1%; from Sweden declined by 1.4%, respectively. For America and Australia, visitors from the United State rose 10.7%; from Australia put down by 5.4%. Visitors from Africa reached 27.2 thousand persons, up 44.3%.

+ International visitors to Vietnam

2.9. Development investment

Estimated realized social investment capital in 2015 at current prices reached 1367.2 trillion dongs, went up by 12% over 2014 and equaled 32.6% of GDP, of which the State sector’s capital gained 519.5 trillion dongs, accounted for 38% of the total capital and increased by 6.7%; the non-State sector’s capital obtained 529.6 trillion dongs, took 38.7% and grew by 13%; the FDI sector’s capital attained 318.1 trillion dongs, represented 23.3% and raised by 19.9%.

Of the State sector’s investment capital, the capital under the State budget was estimated to gain 220.4 trillion dongs, equaling 100.6% of the yearly plan and up 6.1% over 2014.

From the beginning of the year to 15 December 2015, FDI attracted 2013 newly licensed projects with the registered capital of US$ 15.58 billion, an increase of 26.8% in the number of projects and a decrease of 0.4% in the capital from the similar period of 2014. The total registered capital of both newly and additionally financed projects reached US$ 22.76 billion, grew by 12.5% against 2014. Estimated realized FDI capital in 2015 was estimated to achieve US$ 14.5 billion, rose 17.4% from the previous year.

+ Realized social investment capital at current prices
+ Realized investment capital under the State budget
+ Licensed FDI projects from 01 January to 20 December 2015

2.10. Government revenues and expenditures

Total estimated government revenues from the beginning of the year to 15 December 2015 achieved 884.8 trillion dongs, equaled 97.1% of the annual estimate, of which domestic revenues reached 657 trillion dongs, equaled 102.9%; collecting from crude oil achieved 62.4 trillion dongs, equaled 67.1%; from export-import balance: 160 trillion dongs, equaled 91.4%.

Total government expenditures from the beginning of the year to 15 December 2015 reached an estimate of 1064.5 trillion dongs, equaled 92.8% of the yearly estimate. Of which, expenditure on development investment achieved 162 trillion dongs, equaled 83.1% (spending on capital construction alone reached 157.5 trillion dongs, equaled 82.7%); expenditure on economic and social development, national defense and security, general public administration was estimated to gain 745 trillion dongs, equaled 97.1%; paying debts and aids 148.3 trillion dongs, equaling 98.9%.

2.11. Exports

Estimated export turnovers in 2015 reached US$ 162.4 billion, increased by 8.1% over 2014. If the price factor were excluded, it would go up by 12.4% (Export price index declined by 3.8%). Export turnovers of the FDI sector were estimated to gain US$ 115.1 billion, up 13.8%; the domestic economic sector achieved an estimate of US$ 47.3 billion, down 3.5%.

Regarding the structure of export goods, the group of heavy industrial goods and minerals accounted for 45.5% of the total export turnovers, increased by 1.5 percentage points against 2014; the group of light industrial goods and handicrafts accounted for 39.9%, grew by 0.6 percentage points; the group of agricultural and forestry products took 10.5%, reduced by 1 percentage points; the group of aquatic products represented 4.1%, decreased by 1.1 percentage points.

About the export market, the United States was the biggest market of Vietnam with estimated export turnover accounting for 20.6% of the total export turnovers; following was EU with the propotion of 19%; etc.

+ Exports

2.12. Imports

Estimated import turnovers in 2015 reached US$ 165.6 billion, grew by 12% over the previous year, of which the FDI sector achieved US$ 98 billion, increased by 16.4%; the domestic economic sector gained US$ 67.6 billion, by 6.3%. If the price factor was excluded (import prices reduced by 5.8%), import turnovers would go up by 18.9%, higher than 2014’s growth of 13.2%.

Regarding the structure of import goods, the group of means of production accounted for up to 91.3% of the total import turnovers, increased by 0.2 percentage points against 2014; the group of consumer goods represented 8.7%, decreased by 0.2 percentage points.

About the import market, China was still the largest import market with import turnover accounting for 28.8% of the total import turnovers; the next was South Korea representing 16.7%; ASEAN taking 14.4%; etc.

Regarding the balance of trade in 2015, trade deficit was US$ 3.2 billion (after three consecutive years of trade surplus[5]), of which the domestic economic sector had a trade deficit of US$ 20.3 billion; the FDI sector had a trade surplus of US$ 17.1 billion. It was noteworthy that estimated trade deficit with China was up to US$ 32.3 billion, up 12.5% from a year ealier; and after many years of trade surplus, Vietnam had a trade deficit of over US$ 300 million with Japan in 2015.

+ Imports

2.13. Exports and imports of services

Service exports this year were estimated to reach US$ 11.2 billion, up 2.1% over 2014, of which travel service export gained US$ 7.3 billion, down 0.4%. Estimated ervice imports in 2015 achieved US$ 15.5 billion, up 6.9% over the previous year, of which transportation service and insurance service attained US$ 9 billion. 

2015’s trade deficit of services was estimated US$ 4.3 billion, up 16% from 2014. The balance of goods and services in 2015 had an estimated trade surplus of US$ 1.5 billion, of which goods reached US$ 5.8 billion, services gained US$ 4.3 billion.

2.14. Consumer price indexes (CPI)

CPI in December of this year rose 0.02% against the previous month. Of which, the group of housing and constructional materials increased by 0.5%; garment, hats and footgear by 0.32%; the group of beverages and tobacco and the group of food and catering services had the same increase of 0.16% (grain food went up by 0.45%; foodstuff by 0.13%); medicaments and health service grew by 0.14%; education by 0.04%; transport decreased by 1.57%; family appliances fell by 0.1%; culture, entertainment and tourism went down by 0.05%; postal and communicational service reduced by 0.03%.

CPI in December 2015 rose 0.6% from the same period of 2014. Average CPI in 2015 climbed by 0.63% compared to that in 2014.

+ Consumer price indexes, gold, US dollar price indexes and core inflation in December 2015

2.15. Producer’s price indexes; export, import price indexes

Producer’s price index of agricultural, forestry and fishing products in 2015 decreased by 0.28% from a year ealier; Producer’s price index of industrial products reduced by 0.58%; Transportation and warehouse price index declined by 3.26%; service price index went up by 1.28%.

Merchandize export price index in 2015 dropped by 3.79% from the last year. Merchandize import price index decreased by 5.82% against 2014.

Commodity term of trade this year increased by 2.15% over the previous year.

+ Producer’ Price Index for agricultural, forestry and fishing products in the 4th Quarter of 2015
+ Producer’ Price Index for industrial products in the 4th Quarter of 2015
+ Export price index in the 4th Quarter of 2015
+ Import price index in the 4th Quarter of 2015
+ Commodity term of trade in the 4th Quarter of 2015
+ Transport Charge Index in the 4th Quarter of 2015
+ Service price index in the 4th Quarter of 2015

3. Social issues

3.1. Population

The country’s average population in 2015 was at an estimate of 91.70 million persons, rose 974.9 thousand persons over 2014. This year’s total fertility rate was estimated to be 2.10 children per woman; crude birth rate was 16.20‰; crude death rate was 6.81‰. Death rate of babies less than one year of age was 14.73‰. Death rate of babies under five years of age was 22.12‰.The average life expectancy of population in 2015 was 73.3 years, of which it was 70.7 years for men and 76.1 years for women.

3.2. Labor, employment and people’s life

As of 01 January 2016, the country’s labor force aged 15 and above was 54.61 million persons, up 185 thousand persons compared to 2014’s similar period; labor force within working age was 48.19 million persons, rose 506.1 thousand persons.

Laborers aged 15 and above working in all economic activities in 2015 reached an estimate of 52.9 million persons, rose 142 thousand persons from 2014, of which the sector of agriculture, forestry and fishery accounted for 44.3%; the sector of industry and construction represented 22.9%; the sector of services took 32.8%.

The rate of trained labor within working age in 2015 was estimated to reach 21.9%, higher than the previous year’s rate of 19.6%.

The unemployment rate of working-age labor in 2015 was 2.31%, of which it was 3.29% for the urban area; 1.83% for the rural area. The unemployment rate of the youth aged 15-24 was 6.85%. The unemployment rate of labor aged 25 and above was 1.27%. The underemployment rate of working-age labor was 1.82%.

Social labor productivity of the entire economy in 2015 at current prices was estimated to reach 79.3 million dongs per laborer, equivalent to US$ 3657 per labourer. At 2010 comparative prices, labor productivity of the whole economy this year was estimated to increase by 6.4% from 2014.

In 2015, the country had 227.5 thousand times of households suffering from food shortage, down 27.8% from the same period last year, corresponding with 944 thousand times of persons suffering from food shortage, down 29.6%. The rate of poor households in 2015 was estimated from 7% to 7.2%, reducing from 1.2 to 1.4 percentage points compared to 2014.

+ Selected indicators on population and manpower
+ Employed population at 15 years of age and above
+ Underemployment and unemployment rate of laborers at working age
+ Unemployment rate of the youth and persons aged 25 and above

3.3. Education and training

As of the end of 2015, the country had 37/63 provinces and cities directly under the central management meeting standard for compulsory preschool education for under-5-year children; 63/63 provinces and cities directly under the central management meeting standard for compulsory primary education within right age group, of which 12 provinces and cities were recognized as meeting standard for compulsory primary education within right age group at level 2.

At the time of starting the school year 2015 - 2016, there were 231000 kindergarten teachers; 829000 direct teaching teachers of general education, including 365000 primary school teachers; 313000 lower secondary school teachers and 151000 upper secondary school teachers. In this school year, the country had 3.9 million kindergarten children; 7.7 million primary school pupils; 5.1 million lower secondary school pupils and 2.4 million upper secondary school pupils.

As of the end of this year, the country had 1467 vocational training institutions, of which 190 occupational colleges; 280 occupational intermediate schools; 997 occupational training centers and over 1000 occupational training establishments with 40600 teachers.

3.4. Epidemic diseases and food poisoning

Generally, in 2015, the country had 57 thousand cases of hand, foot, mouth disease(06 died); 81.4 thousand cases of hemorrhagic fever (52 died); 924 cases of virus encephalitis (26 died); 376 cases of typhoid; 131 cases of meningococcal disease (05 died).

As of 17 December 2015, the total number of alive HIV-infected persons over the country was 231.3 thousand persons, of which 79.7 thousand cases turned to AIDS. The number of persons died of AIDS over the country as of above time was over 80.1 thousand persons.

From the beginning of the year, the country had 140 serious cases of food poisoning, making 4273 persons be poisoned, of which 20 cases died.

3.5. Traffic accidents

Generally, in 2015, the country had 22404 cases of traffic accidents, killing 8671 persons, injuring 5984 persons and injuring slightly 14572 others. In comparison with the same period last year, cases of the traffic accidents this year decreased by 11.5%; the death fell by 3.6%; injured persons by 4.5%; slightly injured persons by 19.7%. On average each day in 2015, the country had 61 cases of traffic accident, killing 24 persons and injuring 16 persons and injuring somewhat 40 others.

3.6. Damage by natural calamity

According to preliminary report, natural calamity in the year made 157 persons died and lost; 199 persons injured; over 30000 houses collapsed, swept away; nearly 80000 hectares of rice and vegetables completely lost, damaged; over 70 kilometers of dyke, embankment, canal and 341 kilometers of road blown up; about 500 barrages, drains destroyed; over 200 electric poles broken. Total value of damage caused by the disaster in the year was estimated about 5.4 trillion dongs.

+ Some key indicators in the period 2011-2015

GENERAL STATISTICS OFFICE
 
[1] The growth of GDP compared to the previous year of years as follows:  2011:  a rise of 6.24%; 2012: a rise of 5.25%; 2013: a rise of 5.42%; 2014: a rise of 5.98%.

[2] 2014’s rice production reached 44.98 million tons, rose 935.9 thousand tons compared to 2013.

[3] The consumption indexes for the manufacturing in eleven months of 2013 increased by 9.2% from the same period last year; in eleven months of 2014 grew by 11.1%, respectively.

[4] Of which some 2-digit industries use lots of labourers with highly increased Labour employed indexes (LEI): the production of computer, electronic and optical products grew by 24.1%;  tobacco by 23.8%; clothes by 9.6%; leather and related products by 7.2%; textile by 6.7%, respectively.

[5] Trade surplus was US$ 748.8 million in 2012; US$ 0.3 million in 2013; nearly US$ 2.4 billion in 2014 respectively.